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- $Unique_ID{BRK03993}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Meningitis}
- $Subject{Meningitis Adult Meningitis Infantile Meningitis Neonatal Meningitis
- Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome Encephalitis }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders,
- Inc.
-
- 539:
- Meningitis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Meningitis) is not the name
- you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
-
- Adult Meningitis
- Infantile Meningitis
- Neonatal Meningitis
-
- Includes:
-
- Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
-
- Information on the following disorder may be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Encephalitis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges)
- around the brain or spinal cord. The disorder can occur in three different
- forms: adult, infantile, and neonatal. This inflammation may be caused by
- different types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or malignant tumors. Chemical
- reactions to certain injections into the spinal canal can also cause
- Meningitis. This inflammation can begin suddenly (acute) or develop
- gradually (subacute). Adult forms of Meningitis are characterized by fever,
- headache, and a stiff neck, sometimes with aching muscles. Nausea, vomiting
- and other symptoms may occur. Treatment with antibiotics is usually
- effective against the infection.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Meningitis in adults and children is often preceded by respiratory illness or
- a sore throat. In its acute form, the disorder is characterized by fever,
- headache, a stiff neck, and vomiting. Adults may become seriously ill within
- 24 hours. In children, the course of the infection may be even shorter.
- Symptoms among older children and adults may progress from irritability
- through confusion, drowsiness, and stupor, possibly leading to coma.
- Dehydration often occurs, and collapse of the blood vessels may lead to shock
- (Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome), especially when the Meningitis is caused
- by meningococcus bacteria which spreads to the blood (septicemia). Paralysis
- of one side of the body (hemiparesis) is uncommon early in the course of
- Meningitis, but may occur later as a result of tissue death in the brain
- (cerebral infarction). Meningitis may recur even after treatment with
- antibiotics.
-
- Infantile Meningitis:
- The course of the disorder is less predictable among infants between 3
- months and 2 years of age. Fever, vomiting, irritability, and convulsions
- usually occur. A high-pitched cry, and a bulging or tight soft spot
- (fontanel) on the crown of the head (where the parts of the still unhardened
- bones join) may also occur. Since the incidence of Meningitis is highest
- among this age group, any unexplained fever needs to be closely watched.
- Cerebral fluid may accumulate just inside the tough outer membrane covering
- the brain (subdural effusions) after several days. Typical signs of
- Meningitis include seizures, a persistent fever, and an enlarging head size.
- A brain abscess or subdural pus accumulation may also occur. Water
- accumulating in the brain (hydrocephalus), deafness and slowed mental and
- physical development are possible effects of Meningitis on the central
- nervous system.
-
- Neonatal Meningitis:
- Meningitis in newborn babies can begin during the first 4 weeks of life.
- It may be caused by infections in parts of the body other than the brain or
- spine. Some cases may arise from complications occurring at birth. The
- disorder is characterized by subtle and non-specific signs such as
- jitteriness, interrupted breathing (apnea), vomiting, diarrhea, and a
- yellowish skin color (jaundice). Usually signs of infection elsewhere in the
- body (e.g. middle ear infection) are also present. The cerebrospinal fluid
- can be tested for a definite diagnosis.
-
- Meningitis due to Group B pneumococcus bacteria may be present in the
- first 10 days of life, when it frequently accompanies a lung illness.
- Usually, however, this form of Meningitis occurs after 10 days of age as an
- isolated illness. Neonatal Meningitis is also characterized by symptoms such
- as fever, drowsiness, and seizures.
-
- Causes
-
- Meningitis can be caused by different bacteria, viruses and organisms such as
- Neisseria meningitis, Hemophilus influenzae b, Streptococcus (Diplococcus)
- pneumoniae, Group A Streptococcus, Escherichia coli or other gram-negative
- organisms (chiefly Pseudomonas), and Staphylococcus aureus.
-
- Recurrent Meningitis occurs in special situations: 1) When there is a
- communication between the brain and the exterior that may be inborn or occur
- after an injury; 2) When infection occurs in areas close to the meninges as
- in mastoid infection, sinus infection, brain abscess, accumulation of pus
- under the outer meninge (subdural empyema), or spinal epidural abscess; 3)
- When the patient has impaired immunity against bacteria or other causes of
- illness.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Neonatal Meningitis usually occurs during the first 4 weeks of life, and
- predominantly affects infants of low birth weight who have had complications
- at birth. This form of the disorder occurs in approximately 2 out of 10,000
- full-term infants, and in 2 out of 1,000 low birth weight infants. This form
- of Meningitis predominantly affects males.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Meningitis.
- Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Encephalitis is a brain infection. There are different types of this
- disorder which are caused by different types of viruses. Encephalitis may
- also be caused by hypersensitivity initiated by a virus or other protein that
- is foreign to the body. Symptoms may include headache, drowsiness,
- hyperactivity, and/or general weakness. This disorder may have some symptoms
- similar to those of Meningitis such as a stiff neck, altered reflexes,
- confusion, speech disorders, possible convulsions, paralysis and coma. (For
- more information choose "Encephalitis" as your search term in the Rare
- Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Meningitis is usually treated with different types of antibiotics used
- against the specific bacteria causing the infection. These may include
- ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, penicillin, moxalactam, nafcillin,
- or in tuberculosis cases isoniazid.
-
- Children over 2 years of age can be immunized against Meningitis with the
- Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine.
-
- A vaccine composed of attenuated bacteria with added protein, has been
- approved for use in children under two years of age to protect them against
- Haemophilus influenzae type B Meningitis
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- The orphan product, Amphotericin B Lipid Complex, has been sponsored by the
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, for the
- treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Meningitis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, NE
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd ed.: Jay H. Stein, et al., eds.; Little Brown, 1987.
- Pp. 1494-1502.
-
- PREVENTION OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B INFECTIONS IN HIGH-RISK
- INFANTS TREATED WITH BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE IMMUNE GLOBULIN: M. Santosham,
- et al.; New England Journal Med (October 8, 1987: issue 317(15)). Pp. 923-
- 929.
-
- PROSPECTS FOR PREVENTION OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B DISEASE BY
- IMMUNIZATION: D.M. Granoff, et al.; Journal Infect Dis (March 1986: issue
- 153(3)). Pp. 448-461.
-
- CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B AS A VACCINE:
- J.C. Parke, Jr.; Pediatr Infect Dis Journal (August 1987: issue 6(8)). Pp.
- 795-798.
-
-